TRABAJO DE MITOSIS Y MEIOSIS (biología)

DIVISIÓN CELULAR: Mitosis y meiosis.

1. Ciclo celular: interfase y división celular.

2.  Mitosis:
    2.1.   Descripción general.
    2.2.   Etapas de la mitosis: cariocinesis.
          2.2.1.    Profase.
          2.2.2.    Metafase.
          2.2.3.    Anafase.
          2.2.4.    Telofase.
    2.3.   Citocinesis.
    2.4.   Significado biológico de la mitosis.

3.  Meiosis.
     3.1.   Descripción general.
     3.2.   Primera división: división reduccional.
           3.2.1.    Profase I: Intercambio genético.
           3.2.2.    Metafase I: quiasmas, tétradas.
           3.2.3.    Anafase I.
           3.2.4.    Telofase I.
     3.3.   Segunda división meiótica.
     3.4.   Significado biológico de la meiosis.

4.  Comparación entre mitosis y meiosis.

5.  Aplicación de la meiosis a la 1ª ley de Mendel.

6.  Enlace vídeo mitosis – meiosis.

7.  Bibliografía


Trabajo mitosis y meiosis pdf

INTERVIEW TO THE SOCIETY OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Interview´s audio

Between 1750 and 1870, two very different revolutions took place simultaneously in Europe: The French Revolution which led to political transformation and the Industrial Revolution, which brought about dramatic economic and technological changes. These Revolutions had an enormous impact on society; in this period and years later.

The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the 18^th century and spread across Europe and North America over the next 100 years.

The new Industry, which was based on the mechanization of production, technical innovations and new ways of working, caused strong growth in the production of industrial goods.

Industrialization introduced capitalism as an economic system and transformed society. Cities grew as people left the countryside in search of work.

Two new social classes made up the backbone of society: the bourgeoisie, who had capital to invest and the proletariat, who worked in the factories.

To have a better understanding of the social situation BBC Radio is going to interview the Embiid brothers.

-What age are you?  Twenty-two. 24

-What is your occupation?  We both work in the countryside as peasants

-At what age did you start working? Eight, 9

-How long did you continue in that occupation? Until now.

-Which is your working timetable? It depends on the season. On summer, we work from 6 in the  morning to 7 at night.

-Thirteen hours? Yes.

-Do you have any break? Just for lunch and for dinner.

-Have you ever had the same timetable? From 5 in the morning to 8 in the evening. In the beginning own a land.

-Fifteen hours? Yes.

-With what intervals at dinner? — An hour and a half

-How far did you live from the land? — About 10 miles

-So far away? Yes. Our uncle, who is the engine driver, always take us for free.

-Was there any time allowed for you to get your breakfast in the land? — yes. As I have told you in the beginning we worked for a guy who was very rude and he just let us little time to have a break, but thankfully, we own a land and we had breakfast before work

-Have you ever been beaten by your boss? – Aaron was once, tell him.

-Yes, I couldn’t go work during 3 days because I was incredibly ill, and when I arrived the next day, he called me and I was beaten by him.

-At the time when you were beaten for not going to work for 3, did you know that you were going to be beaten? — Yes; our boss used to tell us that if we didn´t work hard enough, we could be beaten, and sometimes while we were working we could see people coming out of his house with bruises.

-When you got home at night after this labor, did you feel much fatigued? — Very much.

-Had you any time to be with your parents, and to receive instruction from them? — No, they, as well as us, my mother worked cleaning houses of the bourgeoisie, and my father worked in a different land.

-And why were you butted out? Because new machinery arrived and many people had to be fired, and as you can imagine we got fired.

-What did you do? — With the savings from these years, and with help of my family, we bought a land.

-What changes appeared? There were many changes. The main change that appeared was the mechanical seed drill, which made it possible to plough and sow so large fields with few workers. Also, other inventions, such as the reaper, or the Rotherham plough. In addition, a new way of dividing the land appeared, the Norfolk crop rotation, which was based on a combination of grains and fodder crops, replace the three-field rotation system. In the same period the Enclosure acts also appeared, which were used to concentrate the fields of a person in a same plot. Furthermore, new crops appeared in the cultivation system to improve the quality of the diet. E.g.: Potatoes and corn.

-Have you noticed any consequences? The main one is that we got fired! These agricultural improvements led to a significant rise in food production, which ensured the survival of a rapidly growing population.

-When the people were fired, what did they do? Most of them went to the city. But this didn´t only happened in our village. In the last few years there has been a rural exodus with the aim of working in the factories.

-Why didn´t you do the same? Despite the fact that the cities tried to be prepared with new modes of transports, the city walls were demolished and new neighborhoods were created.  

-How is the political situation? Well, as we work in our own land in the countryside, we haven´t had the same impact as the ones who live in the cities. Our older brother, often tells us how bad the situation in the factories is nowadays: lack of security often ends up in work accidents such as amputation of limbs or even deaths. The work atmosphere is stressful and irritating, the workers are often abused, and sometimes they can finish being butted out because of anything. Also, the schedule was everything except of flexible: they have no holidays, they work more than thirteen hours per day, they worked seven days a week and only resting Sunday´s afternoon. Our brother often tells us that he can see children working as young as eight years. Frequently we have to give him some money to buy food, because salaries are really low. Thank God, a new way of thinking called Marxism that is joining workers with the aim of improve their rights.

-What do you think Marxism is offering your brother? In first place, he is having support from those who are suffering this inequality as well. Our brother thinks that Capitalism pretends this situation to be continued, and the only possibility to make this change is to hang onto to the ideals of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Yes, Marxism has the target of destroying the private property, putting it in the hands of the state, creating a proletarian dictatorship, making the social classes and the Estate disappear, giving all the power to the workers.

-And do you think Marxism is going to have an effect in economy? Well Marxism isn´t going to have an impact in the economy. But, playing devil´s advocate, Capitalism economic activities respond to the free initiative of individuals, whose objective is the pursuit of maximum profit. It is an unplanned system with minimal state intervention. The interests of sellers and buyers are reconciled in the market, which is regulated only by the law of supply and demand.  

-And is Britain exporting their products to other countries? Great Britain is the pioneer of this Revolution, so to avoid competition from Britain and to foster the growth of their own industries, European countries and the United States applied protectionism measures.

-Thank you. It has been a pleasure. Your welcome, Bye.

DESASTRES DE LA GUERRA-GOYA

Desastres de la guerra n.º 7 ¡Qué valor!

THE COLONIAL EMPIRES IN 1914

1- Identification and presentation

• This political map  represents the colonial empires in 1914 
• It dates 1914 and it represents the imperial expansion of the Industrialised European countries.
• The map represents the whole world.
• The different colours appearing in the key depict the countries and their colonies, while the arrows tell us the direction of each empire grouth.

2- Analysis

• The major colonial empires were: Great Britain, France, Germany and Italy. 
• Great Britain: Canadá, Nigeria, Egypt 
• France:
• Italy:
• Germany
• The countries outside Europe which took part in the colonial expansion were:
• USA: Alaska, Cuba Philippines.
• The Russian Empire: expanded to the south.
• Japan: expanded to the north and to the west.
• The largest colonial empire was Great Britain, and Africa the most affected continent.

   

3-Historical context

• The European colonial expansion took place between 1850 and 1914, Britain brought nearly 30% of Africa's population under its control, to 15% for France, 9% for Germany, 7% for Belgium and 1% for Italy. The only regions not under European control in 1914 were Liberia and Ethiopia.
• At the time, states focused on building their empires with new technological advances and developments, making their territory bigger through conquest, and exploiting the resources of the subjugated countries.
• Research suggests, the current conditions of postcolonial societies have roots in colonial actions and policies. For example, colonial policies, such as the type of rule implemented, the nature of investments, and identity of the colonizers, are cited as impacting postcolonial states. Examination of the state-building process, economic development, and cultural norms and mores shows the direct and indirect consequences of colonialism on the postcolonial states.

4-Conclusions

• Numerous scholars have attempted to analyze and categorize colonial activities by determining if they have positive or negative outcomes some researchers have focused on the type of political and economic institutions that existed before the arrival of Europeans. Heldring and Robinson conclude that while colonization in Africa had unequivocal negative consequences for political and economic development in areas that had previous centralized institutions or that hosted white settlements, it possibly had a positive impact in areas that were virtually stateless, like South Sudan or Somalia. In a complementary analysis, Gerner Hariri observed that areas outside Europe which had State-like institutions before 1500 tend to have less open political systems today. According to the scholar, this is due to the fact that during the colonization, European liberal institutions were not easily implemented. Beyond the military and political advantages, it is possible to explain the domination of European countries over non-European areas by the fact that capitalism did not emerge as the dominant economic institution elsewhere. Prosperous economic institutions that sustain growth and innovation did not prevail in areas like China, the Arab world, or Mesoamerica because of the excessive control of these proto-States on private matters.

LA GUERRA DE LA INDEPENDENCIA

1-¿Qué supuso el tratado de Fontaineblau?

 Tratado de Fontainebleau, en virtud del cual se permitía a las tropas francesas su paso por España para conquistar Portugal, país aliado de Inglaterra, para obligar a que cumpla el Bloqueo Continental que Napoleón había impuesto a Inglaterra. Con este pretexto Napoleón dispuso sus tropas en distintas partes de España, lo que levantó serias sospechas sobre su intención de ocupar la Península. Durante 1809 se produce una ofensiva francesa y capitulan Zaragoza y Madrid junto a la derrota en Ocaña. A comienzos de 1810, el territorio peninsular está prácticamente ocupado (en ciudades, no en zonas rurales), salvo Cádiz.

2-¿Qué bandos se enfrentaron en la guerra de la independencia?

En la guerra de la independencia se enfrentaron dos bandos, el patriota y el de los invasores si bien el primero recibió el apoyo de los ingleses con la intención de evitar una alianza de los españoles y los franceses.

3-¿Qué dos grupos integraban el bando "patriota"?¿Qué los caracteriza?

Dentro del bando patriota encontramos dos grupos: absolutistas y liberales. Los absolutistas pretendían la continuidad de la monarquía absoluta mientras que los liberales buscaban el cese de ésta.

4-¿Qué significa la expresión "viva Fernando y vamos robando"?¿Qué eran las guerrillas?

Gran parte de los resistentes, dada la dificultad de actuar en el Ejército regular se integraron en guerrillas: grupos armados irregulares que atacaban por sorpresa al enemigo y se retiraban, amparándose en el control del territorio. Éstos grupos solían saquear lo que encontraban a su paso y de ahí el lema "Viva Fernando y vamos robando".

5-¿Qué consecuencias tuvo la guerra para España?

La guerra de la independencia dejó el país esquilmado, la hacienda quebrada, un gobierno inestable y una gran perdida demográfica: sobre 10,5 millones de habitantes costó entre 215.000 y 375.000 vidas a las cifras hay que añadir entre 350.000 y 500.000 personas fallecieron por el hambre y las epidemias.

6-¿Cuál fue el coste de la ayuda de Gran Bretaña?

Las tropas inglesas apoyaron, por raro que parezca a los patriotas españoles pues una alianza entre España y Francia no interesaba a los ingleses. Sin embargo, a la vez que apoyaban a los patriotas iban destruyendo el floreciente tejido empresarial español, en especial la industria textil. Como ejemplo de esto encontramos la destrucción de fábricas textiles de Segovia y Ávila.

7-¿Qué medidas fueron aprobadas en las Cortes de Cádiz de 1810?

Las Cortes de Cádiz quedaron inauguradas en Septiembre de 1810 y en marzo de 1812 aprobaron una Constitución que acabó con el absolutismo y estableció la división de poderes. Las Cortes aprobaron también otras reformas como la abolición del régimen señorial y la supresión de la Inquisición. Sin embargo su  obra apenas tuvo impacto.

8-¿Qué batallas provocaron el final de la ocupación francesa en España?

La victoria hispano británica de Arapiles marcó el principio del fin de Napoleón en España. El fracaso galo en el frente ruso también propició la derrota francesa pues redujo la presencia gala a 100.000 efectivos. Tras las derrotas de Vitoria y de Irún los franceses fueron acorralados hasta los Pirineos. Finalmente un armisticio posterior a la abdicación de Napoleón comportó la liberación de las guarniciones galas que quedaban en España.

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION (1789-1799) - GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1sCJgig3NyP4PafbQfwUlee7LyM4PtRJRhh18UMitids/edit?usp=sharing

FRENCH REVOLUTION JEFF LEWIS

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

By Jeffrey Lewis

The King of France was Absolute, the people all were destitute, the year was 17 and 89.

Churches paid no income tax, neither did aristocrats and wars were costing money all the time.

But Enlightenment Ideas, had entered people’s ears like Liberty, Equality and Brotherhood.

People starved and broke under feudalism's yoke knew no church or king was gonna do them any good.

There was such financial crisis, the king had to take advice, to try an old thing called Estates General government.

The estates general had 3 votes, Nobles, Church and Common Folks, 2 to 1 the commons lose it always went.

The commons in frustration said we represent the nation, the nobles and the church must lose their privileges.

And the rich were scared for real when they stormed to the Bastille and rebellions also broke out in the villages.

At the palace in Versailles, the king and queen were heard to sigh when the national assembly made a bill of rights.

Then the Women's march embarrassed them and chased them into Paris and the church and nobles lost their power overnight.

Arguments got hot whether to keep the King or not, different groups saw different ways to run the country best.

But when the Royal family tried to flee the country in disguise, they were busted and then put under a house arrest.

All of Europe's Kings were terrified to hear these things, so France was threatened on all sides by enemies.

And when these other kings declared the King of France had to spared, this made the King of France look worse to the Revolutionaries.

They had built a new machine the quick and painless guillotine, they said it's fairer than the King's Medieval Torture rack.

Then they put it on a vote and then dropped it on his throat and every king across the world just had a heart attack.

They attacked from North and South, and they attacked from East and West, Revolutionary France was in a desperate state.

And when the radical Marat was killed politically that was what it took for France's outlook to degenerate.

The new leader Robespierre said enemies were everywhere, and for a year the Guillotine was working endlessly.

And though he freed the slaves that’s true Robespierre’s head came off too and France was run by the more moderate Directory.

But the Directory was lame and France's only good news came from their armies now in Europe winning more and more.

And the man who made them win was General Napoleon and when he came back home he made himself the emperor.

So it was a painful climb to get from Kings to Modern times, but the French Revolution always paved the way.

'Cause the ideas that sparked the first, have never ever been reversed, it was biggest change that shaped our western world today.